Alan Turing was a mathematician who is often credited with creating the foundation of artificial intelligence and computer science. He played a major role in World War II, helping break several German codes.

In the '50s, he told police that he had homosexual relations with a man and was arrested for gross indecency. He was then chemically castrated. In 1954, he died from cyanide poisoning.

Turing was given a posthumous royal pardon in 2013. Three years later, the UK government announced it would posthumously pardon other men convicted of abolished sexual offenses, in what was dubbed the "Turing law."